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What are arthritis nodules?

Arthritis affects millions of people across the UK, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints. While these symptoms are widely recognised, arthritis can also lead to the development of arthritis nodules—firm, often painful lumps that form around the affected joints. These nodules are particularly common in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and can complicate the condition if not properly managed. 

In this article, we’ll explore what arthritis nodules are, why they develop, and the most effective ways to treat them to improve comfort and mobility.

If you or a loved one are struggling with arthritis, Prestige Nursing & Care provides expert, personalised arthritis care at home to help manage symptoms and enhance quality of life.

Understanding arthritis nodules: what they are and how they develop

Arthritis nodules are firm, raised lumps that typically develop around the joints affected by certain types of arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. These nodules form under the skin and are most commonly found on the elbows, fingers, or knuckles, though they can appear in other areas as well. In some cases, they may also develop in internal organs or tissues, such as the lungs or heart, though this is less common.

The nodules vary in size and can sometimes be painful or tender to the touch. They are often seen as a visible sign of the chronic inflammation caused by arthritis, and while they may not always cause significant discomfort, their presence can be an indication of the severity or progression of the underlying condition.

In addition to rheumatoid arthritis, other forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis, can also lead to the formation of nodules, though this is less frequent. The exact cause of nodule formation is still not entirely understood, but it is thought to be related to inflammation in the affected joints and the body’s immune response.

Causes of arthritis nodules

Arthritis nodules are primarily caused by the inflammation associated with certain types of arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. When the immune system attacks healthy tissues in the joints, it triggers an inflammatory response that can lead to the formation of these lumps under the skin. Here’s a closer look at the factors contributing to the development of arthritis nodules:

Chronic inflammation

In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own joints, leading to persistent inflammation. Over time, this chronic inflammation can cause the formation of hard, fibrous tissue, resulting in the development of nodules. This is more common in individuals with severe or long-standing rheumatoid arthritis.

Genetic factors

Some people may be more predisposed to developing arthritis nodules due to their genetic makeup. Specific genetic markers, such as the presence of certain HLA (human leukocyte antigen) proteins, are linked to an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis nodules. This suggests that genetics may play a role in how the immune system reacts to joint inflammation.

Joint damage

As arthritis progresses, damage to the joints and surrounding tissues can contribute to nodule formation. The body’s response to this damage may involve the creation of protective tissue, which can develop into visible nodules. This is often seen in the more advanced stages of the condition.

Environmental factors

In some cases, environmental factors such as smoking or exposure to certain infections may trigger or worsen the inflammatory response in people genetically predisposed to arthritis. Smoking, in particular, has been shown to increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis nodules.

Symptoms of arthritis nodules

Arthritis nodules vary in size, texture, and impact on comfort, depending on the type and progression of arthritis. While they are most commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis, other forms of arthritis may also lead to nodule development. Recognising the symptoms can help in early identification and management.

  • Firm, painless lumps: Many arthritis nodules are firm to the touch and generally not painful. They typically form just beneath the skin, especially on pressure points like the elbows, fingers, and knuckles.
  • Tender or painful nodules: In some cases, nodules can become tender or cause discomfort, particularly if they are located in areas that experience frequent pressure or friction. Painful nodules may indicate active inflammation or irritation.
  • Variable sizes: Nodules can range from the size of a pea to larger masses several centimetres wide. The size often correlates with the severity of the underlying arthritis and the length of time the condition has been present.
  • Mobility and location: Some nodules are movable under the skin, while others are fixed to deeper tissues or bones. They are commonly found near joints but may also appear in unusual places, such as the lungs or heart, in severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Impact on joint function: Large or poorly positioned nodules can affect mobility, making it difficult to bend joints or perform daily tasks comfortably. This can significantly impact quality of life if left untreated.

How are arthritis nodules diagnosed?

Diagnosing arthritis nodules typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests to confirm their nature and rule out other conditions. Here’s how healthcare providers identify and evaluate these nodules:

  • Physical examination

A doctor will begin by examining the nodules, noting their size, location, texture, and whether they cause any tenderness or pain. Nodules associated with rheumatoid arthritis are usually firm and non-tender, though painful nodules can occur if they are inflamed.

  • Medical history

A detailed medical history, including the patient’s arthritis diagnosis, symptoms, and any prior joint-related issues, helps in understanding the context of nodule development. Knowing the type of arthritis is key to differentiating nodules from other lumps or growths.

  • Imaging tests

X-rays, ultrasounds, or MRI scans may be used to get a clearer view of the nodules, particularly if they are deeply rooted or affecting joint structures. Imaging can help determine if the nodules are impacting joint function or causing other complications.

  • Biopsy (if necessary)

In rare cases where a nodule is atypical or there is uncertainty about its cause, a biopsy may be performed. This involves removing a small sample of the nodule tissue for further examination to rule out other conditions like tumours or infections.

Treating arthritis nodules

Treating arthritis nodules focuses on managing the underlying arthritis to reduce inflammation and prevent further nodule formation. Medications like disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can help shrink nodules by targeting the immune response.

In some cases, corticosteroid injections provide temporary relief from painful or inflamed nodules. For large or problematic lumps, surgical removal may be an option, although this is typically reserved for severe cases. Lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation and using protective padding on affected joints, can also reduce discomfort and irritation.

Often, small, painless nodules require only monitoring without immediate intervention. Working closely with healthcare providers ensures a personalised approach to treatment, improving both comfort and quality of life.

Expert arthritis care at home with prestige nursing & care

Living with arthritis can present daily challenges, particularly when managing symptoms like joint pain, stiffness, and arthritis nodules. Personalised support from experienced caregivers can make a significant difference in maintaining independence and enhancing comfort. At Prestige Nursing & Care, we provide specialised arthritis care tailored to your unique needs.

Our professional carers are trained to assist with pain management, mobility support, and daily activities, helping to reduce the strain on affected joints. Whether you require assistance with medication, therapeutic exercises, or creating a more comfortable home environment, our compassionate team is here to offer expert guidance and support. With Prestige Nursing & Care, you can continue living life to the fullest while receiving the care and attention you deserve—all in the comfort of your own home.

A helping hand at home

For nearly 80 years, Prestige Nursing & Care has been trusted by our clients and their families to provide competent and compassionate home care. Our care is focused on improving health and overall well-being, and all in the place people love most – their own homes.

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